New Organotin (IV) Compounds Derived from Dehydroacetic Acid and Thiosemicarbazides: Synthesis, Rational Design, Cytotoxic Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Simulation

Organotin complexes were prepared through a one-pot reaction with three components by reacting thiosemicarbazide or 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide or 4-phenylthiosemicarbazide, dehydroacetic acid (DHA) and dibutyl, diphenyl, dicyclohexyl, and bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]tin(IV) oxides; all complexes were characterized by infrared (IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 119Sn NMR revealed chemical shifts corresponding to a pentacoordinated environment in solution. The X-ray crystallography of the two complexes evidenced the formation of monomeric complexes with a pentacoordinated geometry around tin via three donor atoms from the ligand, the sulfur of the thiol, the nitrogen of the imine group, and the oxygen of the pyran ring. The geometries of the five-coordinated complexes 3a (Bu2SnL3), 3c (Ph2SnL3), and 3d (Cy2SnL3) acid were intermediate between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal, and complex 1a (Bu2SnL1) adopted a bipyramidal trigonal geometry (BPT). The sulforhodamine B assay assessed the cytotoxicity of organotin(IV) complexes against the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 (human mammary adenocarcinoma) cell lines and one normal COS-7 (African green monkey kidney fibroblast). The IC50 values evidenced a significant antiproliferative effect on cancer cells; the complexes were more potent than the positive cisplatin control and the corresponding ligands, dehydroacetic acid thiosemicarbazone (L1), dehydroacetic acid-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone (L2), and dehydroacetic acid-N(4)-phenylthiosemicarbazone (L3). The IC50 values also indicated that the organotin(IV) complexes were more cytotoxic against the triple-negative breast cell line MDA-MB-231 than MCF-7, inducing significant morphological alterations. The interactions of organotin(IV) 1c (Ph2SnL1), 1d (Cy2SnL1), and 1e (((CH3)3SiCH2)2SnL1) were evaluated with ss-DNA by fluorescence; intensity changes of the fluorescence were indicative of the displacement of ethidium bromide (EB), confirming the interaction of the organotin(IV) complexes with ss-DNA; the results showed a DNA binding affinity. The thermodynamic parameters obtained through isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the interaction of 1c (Ph2SnL1), with ss-ADN, was exothermic. Molecular docking studies also demonstrated that the organotin(IV) complexes were intercalated in DNA by conventional hydrogen bonds, carbon-hydrogen bonds, and π-alkyl interactions. These complexes furthermore showed a greater affinity towards DNA than cisplatin.


Introduction
Tiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones are privileged ligands whose chelating properties have been widely studied due to the presence of diferent donor atoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; their soft and hard donor characters allow the formation of a variety of complexes in the presence of metallic ions with diferent coordination geometries [1,2].Tese types of compounds also possess interesting biological properties, including antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, antimalarial, antileprotic, and anticancer ones [3][4][5]; their use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease has also been studied [6], and in many cases, they act as primary pharmacophores [7].Te functionalization of N4-substituted thiosemicarbazones has been demonstrated to represent a valuable strategy, for improving their anticancer and antibacterial activities [8].Tiosemicarbazones have been the focus of special attention due to their proven efcacy against cancers such as leukemia, breast, pancreas, cervical, prostate, bladder, and lung tumors.Te structure-activity relationship of thiosemicarbazones indicates that the antineoplastic activity is signifcant if heterocyclic nitrogen in the α-position to thiosemicarbazone and a conjugated N, N, S donor system is present in the molecule.Moreover, the modifcation of the heteroaromatic ring produces better activity; although some compounds have entered phase I trials, their use has so far been avoided due to their associated gastrointestinal and hematological side efects [9].Tiosemicarbazones are well known for their remarkable coordination, fexibility, and chelating ability to form complexes with diferent metals, and their pharmacological response depends on the metal and ligand properties.However, the ligand is a determinant in targeting specifc sites in the cancer cells [10,11].
3-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran, also known as dehydroacetic acid (DHA), is widely used because of its diferent reactive sites allow it to react with electrophiles and nucleophiles, giving rise to the formation of various heterocyclic compounds.Consequently, several synthetic strategies have been reported for the transformation of DHA into pharmacologically active compounds such as pyrazole, pyrimidines, pyrones, pyranopyrazole, and oxazinthiones, which exhibit antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-infammatory, and anti-HIV activities [12].DHA has also been included in the preparation of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical Schif-based ligands using classical and microwave-green chemical approaches; these ligands act as excellent chelating agents in the presence of oxo-metal ions, copper(II) and nickel(II), and organosilicon(IV) [13,14].Schif-based ligands have been widely explored due to their versatility, synthesis, feasibility, and ability to act as complexing ligands with metallic ions, with applications in diverse areas of research such as catalysis, medicinal, and pharmaceutical research, in the preparation of novel materials, organic solar cells, metalorganic frameworks, and more recently as fuorescent chemosensors [15][16][17][18][19][20][21].Tin(IV) complexes are known to display unique biological and medicinal properties; although the cytotoxic and anticancer potential of diverse classes of organotin compounds has been widely proven in vitro, fewer in vivo studies have been described [22][23][24].Teir biological response has been associated with the organic moieties bonded to the metal, the oxidation state of the metal, and their coordination geometry.However, the nature and lipophilicity of the ligand are involved in transporting and targeting specifc sites [25,26].Te therapeutical properties of organotin compounds have been explored with multiple ligands; among these, thiosemicarbazones have been found to possess interesting antifungal and antibacterial activities [27][28][29].
Despite the number of reports that have evidenced the highly cytotoxic efect of organotin complexes with a plethora of ligands against cancer cell lines, DHA has been scarcely studied.Considering that both the metal nature and the ligand properties afect its therapeutical response, particularly the substitution on the nitrogen of the thiosemicarbazone and the substituent attached to the tin atom, in this study, a series of organotin(IV) Schif-based complexes were designed and synthesized using biological organic ligands to assess their cytotoxic activity in vitro.Te complexes were fully characterized and tested against cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 (human mammary adenocarcinoma), and the normal cell line COS-7 (African green monkey kidney fbroblast).Te results revealed that the complexes had a greater inhibitory efect on the cells compared to the positive control Cisplatin.

Materials and Methods
2.1.Materials.Te reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without additional purifcation; dicyclohexyl and bis[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]tin oxide were prepared as described in the literature [30].

Physical Measurements.
Melting points were measured on a Fisher-Johns MEL-TEMP II apparatus.Infrared (IR) attenuated total refectance (ATR) spectra were recorded on a Termo Scientifc instrument over a range from 200 to 4000 cm −1 .Molar conductivity measurements were carried out on a Hanna 6484 instrument using anhydrous methanol as a solvent.Te ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra were obtained on a Cary 100 series Agilent UV-Vis spectrophotometer, using a methanol solution at a concentration of 2.04510 × 10 −5 M. Te 1 H, 13 C, and 119 Sn spectra were recorded on Bruker Avance 300 and 400 MHz spectrometers and analyzed using the Mestre Nova software.Two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments (COSY (correlated spectroscopy), DEPT-135 (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer), HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence), and HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation)) were conducted for a complete assignment of the signals.Te DART+ (direct analysis in real time) mass spectra were 2 Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications acquired using a JEOL-JMS-X103 spectrometer.Te CLogP values were computed via the Molinspiration Cheminformatics free web services at https://www.molinspiration.com in Slovensky Grob, Slovakia.A Bruker Smart Apex CCD difractometer with a graphite monochromator (λ (Mo-K α ) � 0.71073 A) at T �150 K was used to collect difraction intensity data for the 1a, 3a, 3c, and 3d compounds.Te structures were solved by direct methods and refned by full-matrix least-squares on F 2 .Te refnement of the structures was carried out using the SHELXL software.All nonhydrogen atoms were refned anisotropically, and the hydrogen atoms were located at idealized positions.Crystallographic data for structures reported in this manuscript have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre under the CCDC numbers: 2241000 (complex 3c), 2241001 (complex 3d), 2241002 (complex 1a), and 2241003 (complex 3a).Copies of these data can be obtained free of charge from https://ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.

Culture of Cell
Lines.Te compounds were screened in vitro against two cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (human mammary adenocarcinoma), and the normal cell line Cos-7 (African green monkey kidney fbroblast).Te MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium, and Cos-7 was cultured in DMEM (Dulbecco's Modifed Eagle's Medium) and supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum, 2 mM Lglutamine, 10000 units/ml penicillin G sodium, 10000 μg/ ml streptomycin sulfate, 25 μg amphotericin B (Gibco), and 1% of nonessential amino acids (Gibco).Te cell lines were maintained at 37 °C in a humidifed atmosphere with 5% CO 2. Te viability of the cells used in the experiments exceeded 95%, as determined with trypan blue.

Cytotoxicity Assay.
Te human tumor cytotoxicity was assessed using the protein-binding dye sulforhodamine B (SRB) in a microculture assay to measure the cell growth as described by [31].Te human tumors and normal cells were treated with the complexes.Te cells were removed from the tissue culture fask by treatment with trypsin and diluted with fresh media from the cell suspension to 100 μl containing 5000-10000 cells per well.Te cells were then pipetted into 96 microliter plates (Costar) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.Subsequently, 100 μl of a solution of the corresponding organotin complex at diferent concentrations was added to each well.Te cultures were exposed to the compounds for 48 h.After the incubation period, the cells were fxed to the plastic substratum by the addition of 50 μl of cold trichloroacetic acid (50% aqueous).
Te plates were incubated at 4 °C for one hour, washed with tap water, and air-dried.Te addition of 4% SRB stained trichloroacetic acid-fxed cells.Te free SRB was removed by washing with 1% aqueous acetic acid, the plates were air-dried, and the dyed was solubilized by adding ten mM unbufered Tris base (100 μl).Te plates were placed on a shaker for 10 min, and the absorption was measured at 515 nm using an ELISA plate reader (Bio-Tex Instruments).

Morphological Changes Evaluation (Light Microscopy).
To evaluate the morphological alterations induced by organotin(IV) complexes, MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cell lines were cultured on a tissue culture fask with or without diferent treatments for 48 h.After incubation, cells were washed two times with PBS, fxed with methanol 100%, and stained with Wright-Giemsa (Sigma-Aldrich, WG32-1L).Te culture fasks were examined under an Olympus IX71 Inverted Fluorescence Phase Contrast Microscope.Te images were recorded with a Nikon Coolpix 4300 digital camera using the 20x objectives and analyzed by ImageJ software [32].

Stability of the Complexes in Solution.
Te stability of the complexes in biological media was tested to evaluate their cytotoxicity.Te compounds were dissolved in a DMSO-Tris-HCl bufer (3 : 7 v/v) over a 72 h period, and the UV-Vis spectra were recorded at 0 and 72 h. 1 H NMR spectra in DMSO-d6 of complexes 1a, 1d, 2a, 2d, 3a, and 3d were also acquired at 0, 24, 56, and 72 h.

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC).
Te ITC experiment was performed on a MicroCal TM iTC 200 System, manufactured by GE Healthcare, Northampton, MA, USA.Te binding assay of ss-DNA to organotin(IV) complex (1c) was measured at 25 °C.Te concentration of compound 1c was maintained at 1 × 10 −5 M in the cell, while the syringe contained ss-DNA at a concentration of 1 × 10 −4 M. Both samples were prepared in Tris-HCl bufer at pH 7.4 and degassed for a duration of 10 minutes.Compound 1c was injected 18 times during the titration schedule.Te binding constant (K b ), the enthalpy (ΔH b ), and the entropy changes (ΔS b ) were determined through the nonlinear ftting of normalized titration data using a model of identical and independent binding sites [33].

Molecular Docking.
Molecular docking studies between the crystallized structure of the A B-DNA dodecamer (PDB: 1BNA) and diorganotin(IV) derivatives were carried out in the AutoDock 4 program [34].Water molecules were removed from the crystallized structure.Te 3D structures of the compounds were sketched in 2D with ChemSketch and converted into a 3D mol2 format in the Open Babel GUI program [35].Te ligands were optimized with PM6 using the Gaussian 98 software to obtain the lowest energy conformation.All possible rotatable bonds, torsion angles, atomic partial charges, and nonpolar hydrogens were determined for each ligand.Te grid dimensions in Auto-DockTools were 58 × 58 × 118 Å3 with points separated by 0.375 Å and centered at X = 14.719,Y = 20.979, and Z = 8.824.Te hybrid Lamarckian genetic algorithm was applied for the minimization utilizing default parameters.A total of one hundred docking runs were conducted, adopting the conformation with the lowest binding energy (kcal/mol) for all further simulations.AutoDockTools was used to prepare the script and fles and to visualize the docking results, which were edited in the Discovery 4.0 client.Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2.9.Procedure for the Synthesis of Ligands (L1-L3).Te ligands thiosemicarbazone (L1), dehydroacetic acid-N(4)methylthiosemicarbazone (L2), dehydroacetic acid-N(4)phenylthiosemicarbazone (L3) were prepared from dehydroacetic acid and thiosemicarbazide or 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide or 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide and ethanol as solvent, following the methodology described in the literature by Nechak et al. [36].

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Diorganotin(IV)
Derivatives.Tiosemicarbazide, 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarba zide, or 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide, dehydroacetic acid, and the corresponding diorganotin oxide were added to a solution of 30 ml of toluene : methanol mixture (4 : 1 v/v) in a stoichiometric ratio of 1 : 1 : 1. Te reaction mixture was stirred under refux (8 h for butyl, octyl, and trimethylsilyl methyl; 48 h for cyclohexyl and phenyl derivatives), and the water formed was removed using a Dean-Stark trap.Ten, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain the diorganotin complexes.Te amorphous yellow solids were purifed by recrystallization in CH 2 Cl 2 /hexane.

Results and Discussion
Organotin(IV) complexes were synthesized in a one-pot reaction as shown in Scheme 1.In a three-component reaction, dehydroacetic acid was combined with thiosemicarbazide, 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide or 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide, and the corresponding diorganotin(IV) oxide in a stoichiometric ratio (1 : 1 : 1).Te reaction proceeded to provide the complexes in moderate to good yields of 53 to 94% as shown in Scheme 1. Te organotin complexes(IV) were soluble in organic solvents (chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, and DMSO).Te molar conductivity at room temperature using methanol as solvent showed values ranging from 5.1 to 43.0 Ω −1 cm 2 •mol −1 , indicating the absence of counter ions, where the donor atoms of the ligand were covalently bonded [37].Considering that the biological response of organotin compounds can be modifed by the ligand, the nature of the donor atoms, and the substituents coordinated to the tin atom.Te molecular structures of the ligand were varied on the nitrogen atom from the thiosemicarbazone moiety.Te latter was substituted by methyl and phenyl, and the substituents on the tin atom were from the acyclic alkyls (Bu and Oc) to cyclic (Cy) and bulky (Ph and trimethylsilyl methyl (TMSM)) groups.All these compounds were purifed by crystallization in the dichloromethane-hexane mixture.

Electronic Absorption.
Te electronic spectra of the organotin(IV) complexes (Figure 1) were measured in a solution of methanol (2.04510 × 10 −5 M); the series of complexes showed similar absorption bands ranging from 210 to 217 nm and associated with the π-π * of the aromatic systems transition, and the 3a-3e complexes revealed two bands at 215 and 284 nm.Te bands at 265 to 280 nm and 362 to 382 nm were assigned to the n-π * electronic transitions of the azomethine (C=N) group and π-π * metalligand transfer charge (MLTC) and were in the range reported for organotin(IV) complexes [26,38].Upon the utilization of dichloromethane as the solvent (Figure S1), two absorption bands for 1a-2e were detected and 3a-3e displayed three, and the increase in the polarity produced a slight blue shift (∼10 nm) associated with the HOMO stabilization in the polar solvent [39].

Fourier Transform (FT)-IR.
An absence of the characteristic bands corresponding to OH at 3257 and C�S at 1150 cm −1 of the ligand [36] was observed in the IR spectra of all complexes (Figures S2-S16), indicative of the formation of organotin complexes.Te complexation process occurred through the tautomerization of the ligand towards the thiol form, followed by its deprotonation.Te presence of only one vibration band for the carbonyl group υ(C�O) over the 1670-1707 cm −1 range for the pyrone corroborates the condensation of the thiosemicarbazide with the carbonyl group of DHA and the formation of azomethine occurred.Te stretching vibrational band of the latter was observed around υ(C�N) 1544-1595 cm −1 .A comparative analysis of these values with the free ligand υ(C�N) 1628 cm −1 stretch described in the literature revealed a shift towards lower energies as a consequence of the coordination of the nitrogen atom via the azomethine towards the metallic center [40].

Mass Spectrometry.
Te samples of all complexes were analyzed using direct analysis in real time (DART-MS).Te spectra showed a high relative abundance of [M + H] + molecular ions and were consistent with the expected structure and isotopic patterns, supporting the formation of discrete monomeric compounds.Compounds 1a-1e, 2a, 2d, 3a, and 3d were also analyzed by electron impact; fragment ions [M − R 1 ] + and [M − 2R 1 ] + were detected, corresponding to the subsequent loss of the organic groups attached to the tin atom.Te peaks at m/z 343, 284, 243, and 240 were observed, indicating the loss of diferent organic groups.Tis allowed us to propose the fragmentation pattern as shown in Figure 2. Te isotopic pattern of the molecular ion peaks observed for all complexes was expected for a single tin atom (Figures S17-S35).

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy.
Te 1 H NMR spectra of the complexes (Figures S36-S50) showed the expected signals, chemical shifts, and integrals, which were consistent with the structure of the complexes and are listed in the experimental section.Te disappearance of aldehyde and thiosemicarbazide signals indicates that a condensation reaction occurred.Te absence of OH and SH signals corroborates the double deprotonation due to the coordination of tin.Signals related to the organic groups (Bu, Oc, Ph, Cy, and CH 2 -SiMe 3 ) were detected in the aliphatic or aromatic region.In addition, two single signals in the aliphatic due to the methyl groups of the DHA moiety 8 Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
were observed in the regions of 2.17-2.20 and 2.64-2.71ppm for H-12 and H-13, respectively.
Te 13 C NMR spectra revealed four signals in the aliphatic region for the organic butyl groups 1a, 2a, and 3a and eight for the octyl groups 1b, 2b, and 3b attached to the metallic center.Signals of the ipso, ortho, meta, and para carbons for phenyl derivatives 1c, 2c, and 3c were identifed.However, in the case of the 1d, 2d, and 3d complexes, the cyclohexyl moieties gave rise to eight signals, indicating the inequivalence of substituents due to the high steric demand and conformation of the cyclohexyl rings.Te 1e, 2e, and 3e complexes also exhibited nonequivalent protons for the methylene group of the bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl bonded to the tin atom.An AB system was observed alongside a single signal for the methyl groups (the 13 C NMR spectra of all complexes are shown in Figures S51-S65).Te 2D  Additionally, satellite signals were observed for all complexes, and coupling constants 1 J ( 13 C-119 Sn), 2 J ( 13 C-119 Sn), 3 J ( 13 C-119 Sn), and 4 J ( 13 C-119 Sn) were measured.Te Lockhart-Manders and Holeček equations [41,42] and the values of the 1 J ( 13 C-119 Sn) were used to calculate the C-Sn-C bond angles in solution (Table 2), which ranged from 119 to 144 ° [43].
Te 119 Sn NMR spectra were acquired in noncoordinated and coordinated solvents (Figures S74-S103); single signals were observed in both cases (Table 2).Te coordination numbers in the solution could be associated with the 119 Sn chemical shifts; the values depended on the electronic environment around the tin, whereby the concentrations of dialkyl tin complexes ranged from −90 to −190 ppm for the fve-coordinated compounds and from −210 to −400 ppm for the six-coordinated compounds [42].Te chemical shifts of the aryl groups occurred at higher felds than those of the aliphatic ones.Te chemical shifts for all complexes corresponded to a pentacoordinated environment in both noncoordinated (CDCl 3 ) and coordinated solvents (DMSO) and agreed with the 119 Sn NMR spectra of the pentacoordinated organotins(IV) derived from the Schif base ligands [26,44].

X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis.
Suitable crystals for single-crystal X-ray difraction (SCXRD) analyses of compounds 1a, 3a, 3c, and 3d were obtained from the concentrate solvent mixtures: heptane : dichloromethane; methanol : chloroform; hexane : dichloromethane; and methanol, respectively.Te four compounds possess similar structural features, and their molecular structures are illustrated in Figure 3, while the crystal data are listed in Table S1.Selected bond lengths and angles are listed in Table 3. Compounds 3a and 3c crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2 1 /c, while compounds 2a and 3d were formed in the orthorhombic system space groups Pbcn and P2 1 2 1 2 1 , respectively.
All compounds were monomeric molecular structures in which the tin center was coordinated by two carbon atoms from the alkyl or aryl groups and a nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atom from the tridentate Schif base ligand.Te resulting pentacoordinated geometry defned by the C 2 NOS donor set was distorted from an ideal trigonal bipyramidal geometry; the indices of trigonality of the plane were calculated using the equation τ � (β-α)/60 [45,46], where the most considerable donor-metal-donor angles in the fve-coordinated environment defned α and β.A value of τ � 1 corresponded to a perfect trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, whereas τ � 0 corresponded to a perfect square pyramidal structure.
For compounds 1a, 3a, 3c, and 3d, the τ values calculated were 0.10, 0.59, 0.39, and 0.40, respectively, indicating that compound 3a possessed a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry in which the two carbon atoms of n-butyl groups (C21 and C25) and the imine nitrogen (N6) held an equatorial position.At the same time, the oxygen (O1) and sulfur (S3) atoms occupy an apical position.Te τ values for compounds 1a, 3c, and 3d indicated a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, with oxygen-(O1), thiolate-sulfur (S3) atoms, and two carbon atoms (C15 and C19 or C21 and C27) occurring at the basal positions and the azomethine nitrogen (N6) at the apical position.Te preference for a square pyramidal over the trigonal bipyramidal geometry was likely the result of the packing efects and intermolecular contacts.
Te Sn-C bond lengths ranged from 2.176 to 2.117 Å and were quite similar to one another.However, the C-Sn-C angles were diferent; for compounds 1a, 3a, and 3d, these angles were 145.7(1), 131.2(2), and 129.0(2) °, respectively, i.e., signifcantly wider than the equivalent angle of, 122.2 (3) °for 3c.Te bond angles for complexes 3a, 3c, and 3d were similar to those calculated for the compounds hosted in the solution.
Te bond lengths C(4)-N(5) and C( 4)-(S3) ranged from 1.313(2) Å to 1.288(6) Å and 1.795(5) to 1.750(5) Å, respectively, indicative of a C(4)-N(5) double bond.On the other hand, C(4)-(S3) represented a single bond as a result of the tautomerism and electron delocalization of the C�S double bound on the SCN moiety during the complexation process, which was consistent with the results of the IR and NMR analysis.Tese values agreed with those described for similar complexes [29,49,50].
Compounds 3a, 3c, and 3d formed 1D polymeric chains in the crystalline lattice (Figure 5) supported by amine -N-H•••O hydrogen bonds.Compound 3a had a bifurcated interaction between the hydrogen atom (H14) of the donor amine with two neighboring oxygen atoms (O2 and O9) of the dehydroacetic acid ring and C�O group with bond distances of (O2)• • •H(14) (2.204 Å) and (O9)• • •H(14) (2.611 Å), respectively.On the other hand, only the frst interaction with the oxygen atom (O2) of the C�O group was observed with bond distances of 2.081 Å for 3c and 2.308 Å for 3d for compounds 3c and 3d (the selected intermolecular interactions are provided in Table S2).
At the supramolecular level, secondary interactions were also crucial in the crystalline lattices of the four compounds; the structural analysis of compounds 3a, 3c, and 3d also revealed the presence of C-H• • •O and C-H•••π interactions 2.629 Å and 2.991 Å for 3a, 2.851 Å, and 3.271 Å for 3c, and 2.636 Å and 3.084 Å for 3d which involves the dehydroacetic acid and phenyl aromatic rings giving rise to the formation of 2D polymeric structures (Figure 6).In compound 3a, the C-H• • •O interaction participated in the construction of a centrosymmetric macrocycle R 2 2   (16) [51] together with a hydrogen bond of the amine group (N14-H14• • •O2).Moreover, compounds 3c and 3d, in conjunction with the hydrogen bond of the amine group, formed a six-membered {•••HNC• • •OHC} heterosynthon which helped assemble small cages into one-dimensional (ID) polymeric chains in compound 3c (Figure 7).In addition, for compound 3d, the C-H•••S contacts (2.956 Å) between the hydrogen atom H-17 of the phenyl ring with the sulfur atom (S3) of another molecule helped to form a 2D polymeric chain (Figure 8).

Stability.
Te stability of complexes 1a-3e was examined using UV-Vis spectroscopy prior to the cytotoxic evaluation (Fig. S104).Te complexes were solubilized in a DMSO-Tris-HCl bufer (3 : 7 v/v).After 72 h, the absorption pattern bands of the complexes remained unchanged and neither a signifcant red nor blue shift was observed; additionally, no new bands appeared, indicating that all compounds were stable in the solvent systems used.
As representative examples, the spectra of complexes 1a, 1d, 2a, 2d, and 3a, in the DMSO-d6 solution, were acquired from the time of preparation until 72 h later.Tese complexes displayed good stability, and there were no observed changes in chemical shifts, signal intensity or multiplicity, or the presence of any additional signals (Figures S105-S110).

Antiproliferative Activity Structure-Activity Relationship.
All synthesized complexes were screened for their cytotoxic activity using the sulforhodamine B proliferation assay against two human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 (human mammary adenocarcinoma) and a nonhuman cell line COS-7 (African green monkey kidney fbroblast).Following an incubation period of 72 h, the IC 50 (µM) values (summarized in Table 4) were measured and Cisplatin was used as a positive control.In general, the IC 50 values suggest that the compounds were more cytotoxic on MDA-MB-231 than on MCF-7 cells and their cytotoxic effect was signifcantly more potent than that of Cisplatin.Te ligands L1-L3 were synthesized to test their cytotoxicity in comparison to the organotin(IV) complexes, on the MDA-MB231 and the normal cell lines, at a concentration of 20 µM, L1-L2 were found noncytotoxic, whereas L-3 exhibited an antiproliferative efect on both normal and MCF-7 cell lines.However, the organotin complexes were remarkably more cytotoxic.Te 1b, 2b, and 3b complexes (Octyl substituents attached to the tin atom) exhibited a less cytotoxic efect against both cancer cell lines.Regarding the N-substitution of the thiosemicarbazone moiety, the N-phenyl derivatives (3a-3e) were found to be more potent than thiosemicarbazone (1a-1e), followed by the N-methyl derivatives (2a-2e), against both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 (Figure 10).Te analysis of the cytotoxicity based on the substitution of the organic substituents on the metallic center and the IC 50 values evidenced that compounds 1b, 2b, and 3b, whose substituents bonded to the tin atom were octyl, were the least cytotoxic, while the cyclohexyl and bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl (BTMSM) substituents were the most potent.Te steric hindrance provided by the BTMSM substituents increased the cell growth inhibition against the two cancer cell lines.Te structure-activity relationship analysis suggests that the order cytotoxicity followed the overall trend BTMSM > Cy > Bu > Ph > Oc (Figure 10).Te CLogP (octanol/water partition coefcient) values are provided in Table 4, which were calculated using Molinspiration cheminformatics software.Te order of lipophilicity was Oc > BTMSM > Ph ≈ Cy > Bu.Based on the cytotoxic trend, it is possible that the lipophilic-hydrophilic balance might aid in the difusion and absorption across the cell membrane.Te complexes were also evaluated towards a normal cell line (COS-7), showing a selectivity towards cancer cell lines; nondetectable cell proliferation was observed at concentrations from 0.01 to 0.2 µM (Table S3).Te selectivity index (SI) values indicated that compounds 2b and 3e emerged as the most selective for the MCF-7 cell line and 1a and 1c for the MDA-MB-231 one, respectively (Table 4).Additionally, the organotin(IV) complexes exhibited a higher selectivity than Cisplatin on both cancer cell lines compared to the normal reference one.Terefore, the organotin(IV) complex may have had a less toxic efect on normal cells than Cisplatin.
Te comparison of IC 50 values obtained for 1a-3e with analogous complexes, prepared from 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone and tested on human colorectal cancer cells (HCT 116) with IC 50 values ranged from 3.5 to 7.58 µM [52], reveals that replacing the aromatic ring on the thiosemicarbazone with a DHA fragment results in a substantial increase in cytotoxicity on breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231).

Morphological Changes on Breast Cancer Cell Lines.
Morphological alterations on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were analyzed by Giemsa stain and phase contrast microscopy.After 48 h treatment, both control and vehicle cells showed normal size and morphology.In contrast, cells treated with diferent organotin(IV) derivates, showed cell size reduction, signifcant membrane damage and swelling (blebbing), nuclear condensation (dark, condensed, and rounded nuclei), degradation of nuclear chromatin, cytoplasmic vacuolization and the formation of apoptotic bodies (as depicted in Figures 11 and 12).Cell density decreased for 2b and 3e on MCF-7 cells, and 1a and 1c for MDA-MB-231.Te compound 3e produced the presence of nonadherent cells.Tese morphological alterations suggested diferent stages of apoptosis easily distinguishable [53,54].As reported previously, organotin(IV) compounds have been suggested as potential for developing anticancer agents, due to their ability to bind to DNA and interact through intercalating interaction and induce apoptosis [55].

Interaction of Organotin (IV) Complexes with DNA,
Fluorescence Study.Te ability of the complexes 1c, 1d, and 1e to interact with DNA, was assessed through competitive displacement assays; these complexes were selected as representative examples of their balance between lipophilicity and potency.Figure 13 shows the emission spectra of the ss-DNA-EB in the presence of increasing concentrations of organotin complexes from 1.66 µM to 16.6 µM.Te results show that, as the amount of the organotin(IV) increases, the fuorescence intensity of the ss-DNA-EB solution decreases, indicating that the organotin(IV)

DNA Interaction of Organotin Complex 1a by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ICT).
Isothermal Titration Calorimetry was used to examine the interaction between ss-DNA and the organotin(IV) complex 1c as a representative example of the series.Te ITC curve shows the outcomes of injecting 1c into an ss-DNA solution at 25 °C (Figure 14).Te plot exhibits the heat evolved per mole of the organotin(IV) complex added, and against the molar ratio of the complex 1c to ss   for the binding reaction of −6.3474 kcal•mol −1 of the complex to ss-DNA indicates that the process was driven by both enthalpy and entropy.

Molecular Docking Studies
As previously described, a molecular docking study between the diorganotin(IV) derivatives and A B-DNA dodecamer was conducted for other organotin complexes [58][59][60].Te results in Table 6 show that such derivatives recognized the DNA fragments, which suggests a probable binding mechanism for such a molecule known to be one of the main therapeutic targets of antitumor drugs [61].It should be noted that the binding energy values of all derivatives were lower than the Cisplatin reference compound, which is commonly used as a control in antitumor therapy (−7.18 kcal/mol), namely   compounds 3c (−9.92), 3d (−10.12) and 3e (−9.29 Kcal/mol)], which have been shown to have better binding energy.Tese observations suggest that the synthesized diorganotin(IV) derivatives, when intercalated with DNA fragments, could be used in anticancer therapy, as reported in other studies for other organotins [55,59,62,63].
In addition, it is important to note that substituting the N4 of thiosemicarbazone of the pyrane[3,4-h]-1,3,5,6,2oxathiadiazastannonin-8-one system with a radical increases the afnity of the complexes towards the DNA.In this study was found that better binding energies were observed as a result of the presence of the phenyl group, due to the increase in the electronic density on the aromatic ring through a positive mesomeric efect with the amine.Tis efect increases the electronic density of the aromatic, allowing it to interact favorably with the pyrimidine-type π-electron defcient heterocyclic ring of the DC3 DNA fragment through π-πT-shaped interaction, as seen with 3e.Te same efect was observed in interaction 3a with the pyrimidine and imidazole heterocyclic rings of the guanine system in DG4.On the other hand, the substituent on the tin atom afects the afnity; longer alkyl chains result in a weaker interaction due to the diferent conformations that the alkyl chain can adopt, limiting its ability to intercalate with the DNA in comparison with other radicals, this efect explains the lower afnity of complexes 1b, 2b and 3b with DNA, these fndings correlated with biological activity data showing higher IC 50 values.However, the presence of the cyclohexyl substituent enhances the interaction with the DNA, by exhibiting additional π-alkyl interactions with the guanine heterocyclic system of DG4 with 1d and DG22 with 3d.
Of note, some of the DNA fragments were conserved in most of the derivatives (Figure 15), such as DG4, DA6, DC21, DG22, and DC23, among others, forming hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions, with the hydrophilic ones predominating.For example, in the three series, the S On the other hand, the predominant hydrophobic interactions were π-alkyl ones (DG4, DA5, DA6, DC21, DG22, and DC23).It should be noted that some of these interactions have been found in other works where tin (IV) complexes exhibited binding afnities with DNA fragments [59,62,64].On the other hand, the molecular interaction correlated with in vitro studies; these diorganotin(IV) derivatives have better values of IC 50 compared to Cisplatin.We also conducted molecular docking studies using HDOCK software (https://hdock.phys.hust.edu.cn/).Te results are presented in Table S4.Based on the results, the binding energies of complexes 1a-1e, 2a-2e, and 3a-3e (−92.53 to −110.64 kcal/mol) were signifcantly higher than the Cisplatin −50.63 kcal/mol.Autodock 4.2 software showed a similar trend with compounds 3d, 3c, 3e, 1d, 2e, and 3a exhibiting the strongest interaction energies, with binding energies of −110.Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications noting that both programs confrm that organotin(IV) complexes have a higher ability to interact with the DNA compared to Cisplatin and that most of the DNA nucleotides with which tin complexes interact are conserved.Tis validates the efectiveness of tin complexes in DNA interaction.
Tese fndings indicated that such compounds could be proposed as possible anticancer agents because they inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell lines and intercalate with DNA fragments.Te other representations of tin (IV) complexes are described in Figure S111.Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

Conclusions
Te synthesis of organotin(IV) complexes through a one-pot reaction using a three-component approach provides an efcient strategy to produce monomeric complexes in high yields.All organotin complexes evaluated exhibited higher cytotoxicity than Cisplatin on the two breast cancer cell lines.Te organotin complexes were more cytotoxic against the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-23.Te phenyl substituent on the nitrogen of the thiosemicarbazone moiety increased the cytotoxicity; the IC 50 values suggest that the substituents bonded to the tin atom increased the cell growth inhibition, and the CLogP values indicate that the lipophilic-hydrophilic balance facilitated the permeability and absorption through the cell membrane.Te selectivity index of the organotin(IV) complexes showed a higher selectivity than Cisplatin on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines compared to the normal cell line COS-7.Tus, the organotin(IV) complex may have a less toxic efect on normal cells than Cisplatin.Te morphological alterations on both cancer cell lines suggested diferent stages of apoptosis.Te fuorescence emission spectra of complexes 1a, 1c, and 1d revealed the interaction of the organotin(IV) complexes with DNA, and the constant K sv values suggested that the bis-trimethylsilyl methyl substituent on tin had a stronger interaction with the DNA, followed by the phenyl substituent which could be stacked inside the DNA.Termodynamic parameters obtained by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry showed that the binding reaction 1c with the DNA was exothermic.Molecular docking studies revealed that the organotin(IV) complexes were intercalated in the DNA; in general, most of the compounds showed better binding energy than the Cisplatin, particularly compounds with the phenyl ring on the nitrogen of thiosemicarbazone fraction showed a higher afnity with the dodecamer DNA.Such fndings were correlated with the cytotoxicity results.Te organotin(IV) complexes exhibited selective cytotoxicity and potency towards breast cancer cell lines, and thus, they could be used in promising applications in the design of anticancer agents.
) Å; both distances were close to the sum of the covalent radii of the Sn-S (2.44 Å) and Sn-O (2.10 Å) atoms, respectively, but smaller than those of the van der Waals radii between the Sn and S (4.0 Å) and Sn and O (3.75 Å) atoms.Tese values indicate that the complexes formed strong Sn-S and Sn-O bonds.Te Sn (2)-N (

5 *
Data represent the average of three or four independent assays and are expressed as the mean ± standard error (SE), NC: noncytotoxic at 20 (µM).

Figure 14 :Table 5 : 4 . 5 × 3 −
Figure 14: Interaction of complex 1c with ss-DNA in Tris-HCl 10 mM.Te upper panel displays the raw ITC data for the binding, while the lower panel shows the integrated normalized data ftted into an independent binding model.

Table 2 :
119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, coupling constants, and C-Sn-C bond angle values in solution.